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The causes of fracture in ferrite-austenite steel
Ferrite-austenite steel accounts for the vast majority of steel production. They are usually alloys containing carbon in the range of 0.05% to 0.20%, along with other small amounts of alloying elements added to enhance the yield strength and toughness.
The microstructure of ferrite-austenite consists of BBC iron (ferrite), 0.01% C, soluble alloys and Fe3C. In carbon steel with very low carbon content, the cementite particles (carbides) remain at the boundaries and within the ferrite grains. However, when the carbon content is higher than 0.02%, the vast majority of Fe3C forms a lamellar structure with some ferrite and is called austenite, while it tends to be dispersed as "grains" and globules (grain boundary precipitates) in the ferrite matrix. In the microstructure of low-carbon steel with a carbon content of 0.10% to 0.20%, the content of austenite accounts for 10% to 25%.
Although the pearlite particles are very hard, they can be widely dispersed on the ferrite matrix and can easily deform around the ferrite. Usually, the grain size of the ferrite decreases as the content of pearlite increases. This is because the formation and transformation of pearlite spherules will hinder the growth of ferrite grains. Therefore, the pearlite will indirectly increase the tensile yield stress δy by increasing d-1/2 (where d is the average grain diameter).
From the perspective of fracture analysis, there are two carbon content ranges of steel in low-carbon steel that are of concern. Firstly, when the carbon content is below 0.03%, the carbon exists in the form of pearlite spheres and has a relatively small impact on the toughness of the steel; secondly, when the carbon content is higher, it directly affects the toughness and the Charpy curve in the form of pearlite.
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